Damages in Investment Disputes

I Abstrakt Diplomová práce "Náhrada škody v investičních sporech" se zaměřuje na některé aktuální a kontroverzní otázky v této oblasti. Cílem této práce je přiblížit systém fungování investičních sporů a pojednat o palčivých otázkách, které v jeho rámci vznikají. Zejména se jedná o otázky postavení v rámci mezinárodního práva jako takového, ale i o otázky spojené s povahou sporu, který zahrnuje jednu soukromou stranu a jednu stranu suverénní. Dále je cílem této práce předložit náhled na otázku náhrady škody, která tvoří stěžejní nárok ze strany investorů. Dotýká se tak otázek forem nápravy, které jsou dostupné, jakož i omezení výše náhrady škody z právních či faktických důvodů. Záměrně vynechává metody kalkulace náhrady škody, jelikož tyto otázky, ač významné pro určení finální výše náhrady pro určitého investora, nejsou podstatné pro fungování systému mezinárodního práva zahraničních investic. V první části (kapitolách 1 - 4) se tato práce věnuje otázkám fungování systému řešení investičních sporů a popisuje jak jeho historický kontext, tak kontext současný. Po zasazení tohoto systému do kontextu předkládá (zkrácenou) analýzu povahy tohoto systému řešení sporů - tedy rozebírá mezinárodní investiční arbitráž jako nejběžnější fórum pro řešení investičních sporů a věnuje se jejím výhodám a nedostatkům....I Summary Master's thesis "Damages in Investment Disputes" concentrates on some of the current and controversial questions in this field. The aim of the thesis is to set light to the system of investment disputes and to elaborate on burning questions that arise within its scope. This concerns namely questions about its status under international law as such, but also questions connected to the nature of investment disputes which concern one private party and one sovereign party. Moreover, the aim of this thesis is to present an overview of the law of damages that forms the key remedy sought by investors. This concerns questions about the forms of remedies available as well as limitation of the amount of damages due to legal or factual reasons. It deliberately leaves out discussion on methods of calculation of damages as this discussion, even though important for assessment of final amount of damages for a particular investor, is not essential for the functioning of the system of international foreign investment law. In the first part (Chapters 1 - 4), this thesis concerns itself with the functioning of the system of investment disputes and analyses its historical as well as current context. After setting the system into its context, it presents (shortened) analysis of the nature of this dispute settlement...Department of Public International LawKatedra mezinárodního právaPrávnická fakultaFaculty of La

On Designated Verifier Signature Schemes

Designated verifier signature schemes allow a signer to convince only the designated verifier that a signed message is authentic. We define attack models on the unforgeability property of such schemes and analyze relationships among the models. We show that the no-message model, where an adversary is given only public keys, is equivalent to the model, where an adversary has also oracle access to the verification algorithm. We also show a separation between the no-message model and the chosen-message model, where an adversary has access to the signing algorithm. Furthermore, we present a modification of the Yang-Liao designated verifier signature scheme and prove its security. The security of the modified scheme is based on the computational Diffie-Hellman problem, while the original scheme requires strong Diffie-Hellman assumption

Attacking M&M Collective Signature Scheme

A collective signature scheme aims to solve the problem of signing a message by multiple signers. Recently, Moldovyan and Moldovyan [1] proposed a scheme for collective signatures based on Schnorr signatures. We show some security weaknesses of the scheme

Jet energy measurement with the ATLAS detector in proton-proton collisions at root s=7 TeV

The jet energy scale and its systematic uncertainty are determined for jets measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 7TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 38 pb-1. Jets are reconstructed with the anti-kt algorithm with distance parameters R=0. 4 or R=0. 6. Jet energy and angle corrections are determined from Monte Carlo simulations to calibrate jets with transverse momenta pT≥20 GeV and pseudorapidities {pipe}η{pipe}<4. 5. The jet energy systematic uncertainty is estimated using the single isolated hadron response measured in situ and in test-beams, exploiting the transverse momentum balance between central and forward jets in events with dijet topologies and studying systematic variations in Monte Carlo simulations. The jet energy uncertainty is less than 2. 5 % in the central calorimeter region ({pipe}η{pipe}<0. 8) for jets with 60≤pT<800 GeV, and is maximally 14 % for pT<30 GeV in the most forward region 3. 2≤{pipe}η{pipe}<4. 5. The jet energy is validated for jet transverse momenta up to 1 TeV to the level of a few percent using several in situ techniques by comparing a well-known reference such as the recoiling photon pT, the sum of the transverse momenta of tracks associated to the jet, or a system of low-pT jets recoiling against a high-pT jet. More sophisticated jet calibration schemes are presented based on calorimeter cell energy density weighting or hadronic properties of jets, aiming for an improved jet energy resolution and a reduced flavour dependence of the jet response. The systematic uncertainty of the jet energy determined from a combination of in situ techniques is consistent with the one derived from single hadron response measurements over a wide kinematic range. The nominal corrections and uncertainties are derived for isolated jets in an inclusive sample of high-pT jets. Special cases such as event topologies with close-by jets, or selections of samples with an enhanced content of jets originating from light quarks, heavy quarks or gluons are also discussed and the corresponding uncertainties are determined. © 2013 CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration

Measurement of the inclusive and dijet cross-sections of b-jets in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The inclusive and dijet production cross-sections have been measured for jets containing b-hadrons (b-jets) in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV, using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The measurements use data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 34 pb^-1. The b-jets are identified using either a lifetime-based method, where secondary decay vertices of b-hadrons in jets are reconstructed using information from the tracking detectors, or a muon-based method where the presence of a muon is used to identify semileptonic decays of b-hadrons inside jets. The inclusive b-jet cross-section is measured as a function of transverse momentum in the range 20 < pT < 400 GeV and rapidity in the range |y| < 2.1. The bbbar-dijet cross-section is measured as a function of the dijet invariant mass in the range 110 < m_jj < 760 GeV, the azimuthal angle difference between the two jets and the angular variable chi in two dijet mass regions. The results are compared with next-to-leading-order QCD predictions. Good agreement is observed between the measured cross-sections and the predictions obtained using POWHEG + Pythia. MC@NLO + Herwig shows good agreement with the measured bbbar-dijet cross-section. However, it does not reproduce the measured inclusive cross-section well, particularly for central b-jets with large transverse momenta.Comment: 10 pages plus author list (21 pages total), 8 figures, 1 table, final version published in European Physical Journal

Observation of associated near-side and away-side long-range correlations in √sNN=5.02 TeV proton-lead collisions with the ATLAS detector

Two-particle correlations in relative azimuthal angle (Δϕ) and pseudorapidity (Δη) are measured in √sNN=5.02  TeV p+Pb collisions using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The measurements are performed using approximately 1  μb-1 of data as a function of transverse momentum (pT) and the transverse energy (ΣETPb) summed over 3.1<η<4.9 in the direction of the Pb beam. The correlation function, constructed from charged particles, exhibits a long-range (2<|Δη|<5) “near-side” (Δϕ∼0) correlation that grows rapidly with increasing ΣETPb. A long-range “away-side” (Δϕ∼π) correlation, obtained by subtracting the expected contributions from recoiling dijets and other sources estimated using events with small ΣETPb, is found to match the near-side correlation in magnitude, shape (in Δη and Δϕ) and ΣETPb dependence. The resultant Δϕ correlation is approximately symmetric about π/2, and is consistent with a dominant cos⁡2Δϕ modulation for all ΣETPb ranges and particle pT

Search for direct production of charginos and neutralinos in events with three leptons and missing transverse momentum in √s = 7 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for the direct production of charginos and neutralinos in final states with three electrons or muons and missing transverse momentum is presented. The analysis is based on 4.7 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data delivered by the Large Hadron Collider and recorded with the ATLAS detector. Observations are consistent with Standard Model expectations in three signal regions that are either depleted or enriched in Z-boson decays. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are set in R-parity conserving phenomenological minimal supersymmetric models and in simplified models, significantly extending previous results